अद्भुत खोजों से रोशन हुई दुनिया.

अल-ज़हरावी, पहले सर्जन 

जाबिर इब्ने-हय्यान, आधुनिक केमेस्ट्री के जनक
 

इब्ने अल- हश्शाम, कैमरा के आविष्कारक
Bgbmo_HŸ OJV H{$ Hw$N _hËd[yU© AmodîHŸma

_wgob_ OJV Z{ HŸB© E{g{ AmodîHŸma XwoZ`m HŸm{ oX`{ h¡§ Om{ AmO H{$ Xm¡a _{§ ^r MbZ _{§ h¡§.  b{oHŸZ BZH{$ C[bpãY`m{§ HŸr MMm© Zhr§ hm{Vr, Am¡a Vm{ Am¡a AmYwoZHŸ _wgb_mZ ^r Bgg{ AZOmZ h¡§. _wgob_ g_wXm` ewê$ g{ hr [«m{J«{ogd ahm h¡ Am¡a Y_© g{ [a{ ^r E{g{ j{Ì h¡§ Ohm§ CÝhm{§Z{ ]{hVa HŸm`© oHŸ`m h¡. ñdmñÏ`, oejm, I{b, odkmZ-VHŸZrHŸ  BZ g^r j{Ìm{§ _{§ CZH{$ `m{JXmZ HŸm{ ^wbm`m Zhr§ Om gHŸVm. Hw$N E{g{ hr AmodîHŸma Am¡a Im{O h¡§ oOgZ{ XwoZ`m HŸm{ Z`r oXem Xr. AmB`{ BZ AmodîHŸmam{§ H{$ [rN{ oN[{ AZNw`{ [hbwAm{§ HŸm{ QQm{bV{ h¡§ .

HŸm°\Ÿs-

HŸm°\Ÿs h_ma{ OrdZ HŸm _hËd[yU© [{` ]Z MwHŸm h¡. Img HŸa goX©`m{§ _{§ BgHŸm$C[`m{J AoYHŸ hm{Vm h¡. HŸm°\Ÿs H{$ ]ma{ _{§ HŸhm OmVm h¡ oHŸ ImobX Zm_HŸ Aa] oZdmgr XojUr BoW`m{o[`m H{$ O§Jbm{§ _{§ A[Zr ]HŸar MamZ{ J`m. Bg Xm¡amZ HŸmâ\Ÿm j{Ì _{§ CgZ{ X{Im oHŸ CgH{$ OmZda EHŸ Img oHŸñ_ H{$ \Ÿb HŸm{ ImZ{ _{§ Á`mXm oXbMñ[r oXIm ah{ h¡§. Cg \Ÿb H{$ ñdmX HŸm{ MIZ{ H{$ obE CgZ{ Cg{ C]mb HŸa o[`m. dh HŸm°\Ÿs [rZ{ dmbm XwoZ`m HŸm [hbm B§gmZ ]Z J`m. hmbm§oHŸ HŸm°\Ÿs HŸm [«MbZ `_Z g{ ewê$ hwAm. O] `hm§ H{$ gy\Ÿr-g§Vm{§ Z{ HŸm°\Ÿs H{$ \Ÿbr`m{§ HŸm{ BoW`m{o[`m g{ `_Z _§JmHŸa Img Adgam{§ [a amV ^a OmJHŸa B]mXV HŸaZ{ H{$ obE BgHŸm C[`m{J HŸaV{ W{.  15dr§ gXr H{$ A§V _{§ `h _·HŸm hm{Vm hwAm VwHŸs© [hw§Mm Ohm§ g{ gZ 1645 _{§ BgHŸs [hw§M d{oZg VHŸ hm{ J`r. 1650 _{§ BgHŸm [«MbZ B§Jb¡§S _{§ hwAm, O] EHŸ VwH©$ "[mñHŸm am{Or' Z{ b§XZ eha H{$ bm{_]mS©  ñQ­rQ [a [hbm HŸm°\Ÿs hmCg Im{bm. BgHŸm Zm_ Aa]r H{$ HŸhdm g{ ewê$ hm{HŸa VwHŸs© _{§ HŸhd{, BQbr _{§ H¡$\{$ Am¡a o\Ÿa A§Ja{Or _{§ HŸm°\Ÿs hwAm. Bg [«HŸma HŸm°\Ÿs HŸs Im{O HŸm l{` _wgob_ g_wXm` HŸm{ hr OmVm h¡.

e¡§[y-

gm\Ÿ-gwWam ahZm _wgb_mZm{§ HŸr Ymo_©HŸ Oê$aV h¡ em`X BgrobE AmO h_ Om{ gm]yZ BñV{_mb HŸaV{ h¡§ CgHŸm ZwñIm CÝhm{§Z{    V¡`ma oHŸ`m. [«mMrZ o_ó _{§ hmbm§oHŸ gm]wZ HŸm EHŸ [«HŸma [«MbZ _{§ Wm Am¡a am{_Z BgH{$ obE [m{_{S HŸm C[`m{J HŸaV{ W{. b{oHŸZ `{ Aa] hr W{ oOÝhm{§Z{ [hbr ]ma gm{oS`_ hmBS­m{·gmBS Am¡a gpãO`m{§ HŸm{ gwJ§oYV V{bm{§ H{$ gmW o_bmHŸa gm]wZ HŸm AmodîHŸma oHŸ`m.  B§Jb¡§S HŸm{ 1759 _{§ EHŸ _wgb_mZ Z{ e¡§[y H{$ ]ma{ _{§ ]Vm`m. _h_yX Zm_HŸ ì`m[mar Z{ ]«mBQZ gr\«§$Q [a "B§oS`Z d{[a ]mW' Im{bm. Bg{ ]mX _{§ oH§$J Om°O© MVwW© Am¡a odob`_ MVwW© HŸm e¡§[yB§J gO©Z oZ`wº$ oHŸ`m J`m.

o[Z hm{b H¡$_am-

[«mMrZ `yZmZ _{§ YmaUm Wr oHŸ h_mar Am§I{§ b{Oa HŸs Vah [«HŸme CËgoO©V HŸaVr h§¡ Bg HŸmaU h_ X{I [mZ{ _{§ gj_ hm{V{ h¡§.10dr§ gXr H{$ _wgob_ JoUVk, IJm{bemór Am¡a ^m¡oVHŸ emór "BãZ-Ab- híem_' Z{ [hbr ]ma XwoZ`m HŸm{ ]Vm`m oHŸ am¡eZr h_mar Am§Im{§ g{ oZHŸbVr Zhr§ ]pëHŸ Am§Im{§ _{§ [«d{e HŸaVr h¡ oOgg{ h_ X{IV{ h¡§. CÝhm{§Z{ ]§X oI¶SHŸs g{ oNX« H{$ _mÜ`_ g{ [«d{e HŸaVr am¡eZr g{ [«{naV hm{HŸa "o[Z hm{b H¡$_am' HŸm AmodîHŸma oHŸ`m. CÝhm{§Z{ X{Im oHŸ oNX« oOVZm Nm{Qm hm{Jm Vgdra CVZr AÀNr Am`{Jr, Am¡a Bgr \Ÿm_y©b{ [a CÝhm{§Z{ Am°]ñ·`yam (Aa]r H{$ "HŸ_am' eãX g{ ob`m J`m oOgHŸm _Vb] h¡ A§YHŸma_` HŸ_am.) HŸm AmodîHŸma oHŸ`m.  CÝh{§ ^¡oVHŸr HŸm{ Xme©oZHŸ JoVodoY g{ [«m`m{oJHŸ ê$[ X{Z{ HŸm l{` ^r OmVm h¡.

[¡ameyQ-

amBQ ]§YwAm{§ g{ EHŸ hOma gmb [hb{ EHŸ _wgob_ HŸod, IJm{bemór, g§JrVHŸma Am¡a B§OroZ`a "Aã]mg BãZ{ o\ŸaZmg' Z{ \ŸbmB§J _erZ H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ obE HŸB© [«`m{J oHŸ`{. Bgr [«`mg _{§ 852 B©ñdr _{§ d{ bHŸ¶Sr H{$ bÆm{§ _{§ Trbm b]mXm ]m§YHŸa HŸm{aXm{]m H{$ _goOX H{$ o_Zma g{ Nbm§J bJm`r. CÝhm{§Z{ bJm oHŸ d{ [oj`m{§ HŸs Vah C¶SZ{ bJ{§J{. b{oHŸZ E{gm Zhr§ hwAm b{oHŸZ Cg b]mX{ H{$ HŸmaU CZH{$ ZrM{ oJaZ{ HŸs aâVma HŸ_ hwB© Am¡a `hr§ g{ [hb{ [¡amewQ HŸm AmBoS`m Am`m. 875 _{§ 70 df© HŸs Am`w _{§ ^r EHŸ ]ma o\Ÿa d{ a{e_ Am¡a ]mO H{$ [§Im{§ HŸm{ EHŸ gmW o_bmHŸa [hm¶S g{ Hy$X{. Bg ]ma CÝh{§ g\ŸbVm o_br Am¡a d{ Hw$N D$§MmB© VHŸ C¶S{ Am¡a Xg o_ZQ VHŸ hdm _{§ ah{. b{oHŸZ ZrM{ CVaZ{ H{$ dº$ d{ AoZ`§oÌV hm{ J`{. `hr§ g{ [¡amewQ HŸs [a§[am ewê$ hwB©.

 ]JXmX H m A§Vaamï­r` hdmB© AÈm CZH{$ Zm_ [a h¡. gmW hr Mm§X [a EHŸ JS²T{ HŸm{ ^r CZHŸm Zm_ oX`m J`m h¡.

na\ŸmBZ_{§Q (ewoÕHŸaU)-

Vab [XmWm{ª H{$ ewoÕHŸaU (S{ñQrb{eZ) HŸm AmodîHŸma Bñbmo_HŸ d¡kmoZHŸ Omo]a BãZ{ hæ`mZ Z{ df© 800 H{$ Amg-[mg oHŸ`m Wm. Bg_{§ X«ì`m{§ H{$ HŸWZm§HŸ H{$ AmYma [a CZHŸm ewoÕHŸaU oHŸ`m OmVm h¡. hæ`mZ Z{ hr EëH{$_r HŸm{ H{$_{ñQ­r _{§ ê$[m§VnaV oHŸ`m. H{$_{ñQ­r Aa]r eãX Ab-oHŸ_m`m g{ ob`m J`m h¡. CÝhm{§Z{ agm`Z emó H{$ ]woZ`mXr [«oH«Ÿ`mAm{§ Am¡a C[HŸaUm{§ HŸs ^r Im{O HŸs Om{ AmO ^r C[`m{J _{§ bmB© OmVr h¡§. CÝhm{§Z{ Ab{på]HŸ ^Ær HŸm AmodîHŸma oHŸ`m gmW hr  Jwbm] Ob VWm AÝ` BÌ H{$ Abmdm HŸB© EëHŸm{hb HŸs ^r Im{O HŸs. hmbm§oHŸ EëHŸm{hb HŸm [«`m{J Bgbm_ _{§ ham_ h¡. BãZ{ hæ`mZ Z{ ì`dpñWV [«`m{J [a ]b oX`m Am¡a BÝh{§ [«`m{JmË_HŸ agm`Z emó HŸm g§ñWm[HŸ ^r HŸhm OmVm h¡.

emâQ-

H«Ÿ¡§HŸ emâQ EHŸ E{gm `§Ì h¡ Om{ MoH«Ÿ` JoV HŸm{ a{Ir` JoV _{§ VãXrb HŸaVm h¡, Om{ AmYwoZHŸ XwoZ`m H{$ g^r _erZm{§ HŸm _hËd[yU© A§J h¡. _mZd gä`Vm H{$ BoVhmg _{§ g]g{ _hËd[yU© `m§oÌHŸ AmodîHŸma og§MmB© H{$ obE [mZr Ir§MZ{ HŸs _erZ BamHŸ (_{gm{[m{Qmo_`m) H{$ EHŸ _wgb_mZ B§OroZ`a Ab-OOmar Ûmam oHŸ`m J`m Wm. CZHŸs oHŸVm] Zm°b{O Am°\Ÿ B§oOoZ`g _{H{$oZHŸb oSdm`g{g (oHŸVm] o\Ÿ _mna\ŸV Ab-oh`mb Ab-hXrog`m, 1206) g{ [Vm MbVm h¡ oHŸ CÝhm{§Z{ dm°ëd Am¡a o[ñQZ H{$ C[`m{J HŸs Im{O HŸs VWm [mZr Am¡a dOZ Ûmam g§MmobV g§^dV• [«W_ K¶Sr ^r CÝhm{§Z{ ]Zm`r Wr. CÝh{§ am{]m{oQ·g HŸm o[Vm ^r HŸhm OmVm h¡. CZH{$ [Mmg AÝ` AmodîHŸmam{§ _{§ H§$]rZ{eZ Vmbm _hËd[yU© h¡.

YmVw HŸm HŸdM-

YmVw H{$ Bg HŸdM H{$ ]ma{ _§{ `h kmV Zhr§ oHŸ BgHŸm odHŸmg _wgob_ X{em{§ _{§ hwAm `m Bg{ ^maV `m MrZ g{ oZ`m©V oHŸ`m J`m Wm. b{oHŸZ  [oü_r X{em{§ _{§ BgHŸm [«gma _wgob_ Y_©`m{ÕmAm{§ g{ hwAm. CÝhm{§Z{ X{Im oHŸ Aa] dmgr _wgb_mZ `m{ÕmAm{§ Z{ HŸdM [hZZ{ HŸs OJh ^ygm ^am hwAm H¡$Zdg HŸm eQ© [hZ aIm h¡. `{ gwajm H{$ X¥oïHŸm{U g{ [«^mdr hm{Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW B§gwb{eZ HŸm ]o¶T`m ê$[ Wm. Bgr HŸmaU o]«Q{Z Am¡a hm°b¡§S H{$ hm¶S H§$[m X{Z{ dmb{ R§S H{$ _m¡g_ _{§ `h HŸm\Ÿs C[`m{Jr ahm Am¡a ]mX _{§ BgZ{ Hw$Qra CÚm{J HŸm  ê$[ b{ ob`m.

ZwHŸsb{ Jw§]X-

 `yam{[ H{$ Jm{oWHŸ H¡$W{Sabg HŸm ZwHŸsbm Jw§]X XaAgb Bgbm_r ñWm[Ë` HŸbm g{ grI b{HŸa ]Zm`m J`m Wm. `h am{_Z H{$ Jm{b _{ham] g{ _O]yV Wm Am¡a BgH{$ HŸmaU D$§M{, ]¶S{, OoQb Am¡a emZXma B_maVm{§ H{$ ]ZZ{ HŸm amñVm Iwbm. _wgb_mZm{§ Z{ YmarXma _{ham], Jwbm] H{$ oSOm`Z HŸs oI¶SoHŸ`m§ Am¡a Jw§]X Zw_m oZ_m©U H{$ ]ma{ _{§ ogIm`m. BgH{$ Abmdm `yam{[ _{§ ]Z{ oHŸbm{§ _{§  ^r Bñbmo_HŸ ñWm[Ë` HŸbm HŸm ê$[ oXIVm h¡. BZ_{§ [«`wº$ H§$Jyam, [«Mra, _w§S{a ^r _wgb_mZm{§ HŸs X{Z h¡. h{Zar [§M_ HŸm dmñVwHŸma ^r EHŸ _wgb_mZ Wm.

gO©ar-

AmYwoZHŸ _{oSHŸb gmB§g _{§ Om{ goO©HŸb C[HŸaU BñV{_mb _{§ h¡§, d{ Hw$N Cgr Vah H{$ oSOm`Z H{$ h¡§ oOZHŸm C[`m{J 10 gXr H{$ EHŸ _wgob_ gO©Z A]w Ab-HŸmog_ Ab-Ohamdr Z{ odHŸogV oHŸ`m Wm. BZHŸm OÝ_ ñ[{Z H{$ HŸm{aXm{]m H{$ Ab-Oham Zm_HŸ ñWmZ [a hwAm Wm. BÝhm{§Z{ 200 g{ AoYHŸ E{g{ C[HŸaUm{§ HŸm{ odHŸogV oHŸ`m Om{ AmO _{oSHŸb gO©ar _{§ ì`m[HŸ ê$[ g{ BñV{_mb _{§ bm`m OmVm h¡. BZ_{§ ñH¡$b[b (EHŸ YmaXma MmHy$ oOgg{ Am°[a{eZ hm{Vm h¡), ApñW ^§OHŸ, \Ÿm°ag{[ (gm_mZm{§ HŸm{ CRmZ{ dmb{ C[HŸaU), Am§Im{§ HŸs gO©ar H{$ obE H¡|$Mr AmoX ]ZmZ{ HŸm C[HŸaU [«_wI h¡§. `h Ohamdr hr W{  oOÝhm{§Z{ EHŸ E{g{ Vm§V (OmZdam{§ HŸs Am§V g{ ]Z{) HŸm [«`m{J oHŸ`m Om{ pñQM H{$ ]mX [«mH¥$oVHŸ ê$[ g{ A[Z{ Am[ Jb OmVm h¡. BgH{$ Abmdm CÝhm{§{Z{ ]Vm`m oHŸ BgHŸm BñV{_mb H¡$ßgyb ]ZmZ{ _{§ ^r oHŸ`m Om gHŸVm h¡.

13dr§ gXr _{§ EHŸ AÝ` _wgob_ Sm°·Qa BãZ-Z\Ÿsg Z{ aº$ g§MaU HŸs [yar [«oH«Ÿ`m H{$ ]ma{ _{§ ]Vm`m. BgH{$ 300 gmb ]mX odob`_ hmd{© Z{ aº$-g§Mma HŸs Im{O HŸm Xmdm oHŸ`m. _wgb_mZ Sm°·Qam{§ Z{ A\Ÿs_ Am¡a AëHŸm{hb H{$ o_lU g{ EZ{ñW{oQHŸ VËd HŸs Im{O HŸs Am¡a EHŸ E{g{ VHŸZrHŸ HŸm{ odHŸogV oHŸ`m oOg_{§ Im{Ib{ gwB©`m{§ H{$ Ona`{ Am§Im{§ H{$ _m{oVo]§X HŸm{ ]mha oZHŸmbm OmVm h¡. `h VHŸZrHŸ AmO ^r [«`m{J _{§ h¡.

[dZ M·HŸs-

 Aa] H{$ odemb a{oJñVmZ _{§ O] _m¡g_r ZoX`m§ gyI MwHŸs hm{Vr Wr§, hdm hr EHŸ _mÌ D$Om© HŸm gmYZ Wm Om{ _hrZm{§ VHŸ EHŸ oXem g{ V{Or g{ Mbm HŸaVr Wr§. `yam{[ _{§ [hb{ [dZ M·HŸs ]ZZ{ g{ 500 gmb [hb{ `mZr 634 B©ñdr _{§ BgHŸs Im{O EHŸ \Ÿmagr Ibr\Ÿm H{$ obE HŸs J`r.  BgHŸm C[`m{J AZmO HŸm{ [rgZ{ Am¡a og§MmB© H{$ obE [mZr Ir§MZ{ H{$ obE hm{Vm Wm. Bg M·HŸs _{§ Nh `m 12 [§Iw¶Sr hm{V{ W{ Om{ HŸ[¶S{ `m Vm¶S H{$ [Îmm{§ g{ TH{$ hm{V{ W{.

QrHŸm-

E{gm HŸhm OmVm h¡ oHŸ QrH{$ HŸs Im{O O{Za Am¡a [müa H{$ Ûmam Zhr§ ]pëHŸ BgHŸs Im{O _wgob_ XwoZ`m _{§ HŸs J`r Am¡a Bg{ VwHŸs© g{ A§Ja{O E§]{gSa HŸs [ËZr Ûmam 1724 B©ñdr _{§ `yam{[ bm`m J`m Wm. VwHŸs© _{§ ]ƒm{§ HŸm{ g§H«Ÿ_U HŸs ]r_mar ]MmZ{ H{$ obE [oü_ _{§ BgH{$ AmodîHŸma g{ 50 df© [hb{ QrH{$ oX`{ OmV{ W{.

\ŸmC§Q{Z [{Z- 

\ŸmC§Q{Z [{Z HŸm AmodîHŸma 953 B©ñdr _{§ o_ó _{§ hwAm, O] dhm§ H{$ gwbVmZ Z{ EHŸ E{g{ [{Z HŸs _m§J HŸs oOgg{ CgH{$ HŸ[¶Sm{§ Am¡a hmWm{§ _{§ XmJ Z bJ{. BgHŸr ñ`mhr EHŸ XdmV _{§ hm{Vr Wr Am¡a BgH{$ oZ] HŸm{ ñ`mhr _{§ Sw]m{ HŸa obIm OmVm Wm.

gy[-

9dr§ gXr _{§ BamHŸ g{ HŸm{aXm{]m Am`{ Abr BãZ-Z\Ÿs A[Z{ gmW VrZ dº$ ImZm ImZ{ HŸs AdYmaUm b{HŸa Am`{.gmW hr CÝhm{§Z{ XwoZ`m HŸm{ gy[ H{$ ]ma{ _{§ ]Vm`m. BgH{$ Abmdm CÝhm{§Z{ oH«ŸñQb erem{§ H{$ ]ma{ _{§ ^r ]Vm`m (oOgHŸm AmodîHŸma BãZ{-o\ŸaZmg Z{  

am°HŸ oH«ŸñQb [«`m{Jm{§ H{$ ]mX oHŸ`m.)

HŸmbrZ-

_Ü`HŸmbrZ _wgb_mZm{§ H{$ ]rM HŸmbrZ HŸm{ ñdJ© HŸm EHŸ ^mJ _mZm OmVm Wm. CZHŸs CÎm_ ]wZmB© VHŸZrHŸ, a§JmB© Am¡a AmH¥$oV X{Z{ HŸs VHŸZrHŸ H{$ HŸmaU hr Iy]gyaV HŸmbrZm{§ HŸm Xm¡a ewê$ hwAm.

[{ M{HŸ-

AmYwoZHŸ M{HŸ HŸm MbZ ^r Aa] H{$ e{Im{§ Ûmam oHŸ`m J`m Wm. Cg O_mZ{ _{§ `h EHŸ [«HŸma HŸm oboIV dMZ [Ì hwAm HŸaVm Wm oOg_{§ gm_mZ HŸs oSobdar H{$ ]mX V` _wX«m AXm HŸs OmVr Wr. BgHŸs ewéAmV XaAgb IVaZmHŸ amñVm{§ g{ JwOaV{ g_` YZ HŸm{ bwQZ{ g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE hwB© Wr. 9dr§ gXr _{§ E{gm MbZ Wm oHŸ HŸm{B© _wgob_ ì`m[mar oOgH{$ [mg ]JXmX H{$ ]¡§HŸ HŸm M{HŸ hm{Vm Wm dh Cg{ MrZ _{§ ^r H¡$e HŸam gHŸVm Wm.

[¥Ïdr HŸr Jm{bmHŸma AmH¥$oV-

E{gm _mZm OmVm h¡ oHŸ 9dr§ gXr VHŸ HŸB© _wgob_ odÛmZm{§ Z{ Bg ]mV H{$ [w»Vm [«_mU oX`{ oHŸ [¥Ïdr EHŸ Jm{b{ HŸs Vah h¡. [«_mU H{$ Vm¡a [a IJm{bemór BãZ-hÁ_ Z{ ]Vm`m oHŸ [¥Ïdr H{$ oHŸgr EHŸ Img o]§Xy [a gy`© CXJ« hm{Vm h¡. `h J¡b{ob`m{ H{$ Im{O g{ bJ^J 500 gmb [hb{ ]Vm`m J`m Wm. _wgob_ IJm{b-odkmoZ`m{§ HŸs JUZm BVZr gQrHŸ Wr oHŸ CÝhm{§Z{ 9dr§ gXr _{§ hr ]Vm oX`m Wm oHŸ [¥Ïdr HŸs [naoY 40 hOma 253 oHŸ_r h¡. `h AZw_mZ dmñVodHŸ _m[ H{$ HŸm\Ÿs ZOXrHŸ h¡. 1139 _{§ EHŸ _wgob_ odÛmZ Ab-BXargr Z{ oggbr H{$ amOm am{Oa H{$ Xa]ma _{§ EHŸ E{gm ½bm{] [«ñVwV oHŸ`m oOg [a [yar XwoZ`m HŸm _mZoMÌ oXIm`m J`m Wm.

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